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Bound requests or work by a defined identity and time budget. A token bucket allows bounded bursts. Sliding-window methods track recent usage. Also consider concurrency or cost limits when one request can do much more work than another.
For a distributed limiter, updates must be coordinated or their approximation understood. A Redis counter with separate non-atomic steps can race. Define behavior if the limiter store fails.
HTTP 429 indicates too many requests. Send a useful Retry-After value when the server can state when to retry, and have clients use bounded backoff rather than retrying immediately.
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