34 termos que caem em entrevista, em inglês

Definição em inglês de propósito: na entrevista ninguém vai traduzir pra você. Se algum desses te pegar de surpresa numa call, volta aqui e anota no caderno.

ANN

Approximate Nearest Neighbor: similarity search that trades retrieval recall against query latency, memory, and index cost.

ATS

Applicant Tracking System: software for organizing applications. Search and filtering depend on the employer's configuration.

Back-of-envelope

quick rough math to size a system before designing it.

Backoff + jitter

bounded retries with increasing delays and randomness to reduce synchronized retry bursts.

Backpressure

flow control that slows production or reading when the consumer cannot keep up.

CDN

distributed servers that cache or deliver content near users according to an explicit cache and access policy.

Circuit breaker

temporarily stop or reduce calls after a configured failure threshold, then probe recovery.

Cold start

extra latency when a request needs a NEW serverless execution environment (first call, scale-out, or after idle) while it spins up.

Context window

model-specific input and generated-output budget for an inference. Count history, sources, and tool results too.

Correlation ID

unique ID attached to a request and passed to every service, to trace it in logs.

DataLoader

groups keys for a caller-provided batch function and memoizes per instance. Request-scoped instances help prevent cross-user cache reuse.

DLQ

Dead Letter Queue: a configured destination for messages that exceed a processing retry policy. It needs inspection and a recovery process.

Eventual consistency

replicas converge if updates stop and the system can propagate them. It does not promise a fixed convergence deadline.

Fan-out

one event copied to many consumers.

Golden dataset

versioned evaluation cases with reference facts, constraints, or rubrics. Keep held-out cases when tuning.

Idempotent

repeating an identical operation has the same intended server-state effect as doing it once. Responses can differ, and retention limits still matter for retry keys.

Isolation level

rules governing concurrent transaction effects. PostgreSQL defaults to Read Committed.

Latency

elapsed time for one operation. Throughput is completed operations per unit of time.

LLM-as-judge

model-based grading against a rubric, checked against human labels and known biases.

MRR

Mean Reciprocal Rank: average of 1/rank of the first relevant result, with zero when no relevant result appears in the evaluated list.

Multi-tenant

one system serving many customers whose data must stay isolated.

N+1

one initial query followed by one extra query per result. Suitable joins or batching can reduce the count.

p50 / p95 / p99

distribution percentiles over a defined population and window. Approximately 95% of observations are at or below p95.

PII

personally identifiable information (names, documents, emails).

Recall@k

of all correct documents, the fraction that appeared in the top k results.

Resolver

the function that fetches the data for one GraphQL field.

RPS

requests per second. One million requests/day is about 12 RPS on average. Measure peaks or state an explicit assumed multiplier.

Sharding

splitting rows across multiple databases by a key.

SSE

Server-Sent Events: server-to-client event framing over HTTP. Reconnection and replay behavior depend on the client and server.

Sticky session

routing successive requests from a client to the same backend when server-local session state requires it. A single established WebSocket already has a selected backend.

TDZ

Temporal Dead Zone: the period before a lexical binding is initialized, when accessing it throws ReferenceError.

Token

a tokenizer-specific input/output unit. Text character counts vary by language and tokenizer.

Top-k

up to k highest-ranked candidates under a retrieval score, not a guarantee that they are relevant.

TTL

Time To Live: an expiry duration. It bounds an entry's configured lifetime but does not prove its contents stayed fresh.